ISIFINYEZO ESIPHEZULU
Izinkampani zokudla namuhla zifana nezinye izinkampani zokukhiqiza hhayi nje kuphela ngokugxila ekuthembekeni kanye nekhwalithi yemishini yokucubungula ukudla kodwa futhi nasezinsizeni ezahlukahlukene umhlinzeki wemishini yokucubungula angaziletha. Ngaphandle kwemigqa yokucubungula esebenza kahle esiyilethayo, singaba ngumlingani kusukela embonweni wokuqala noma esigabeni sephrojekthi kuze kube sesigabeni sokugcina sokufaka, singakhohlwa insizakalo ebalulekile yangemva kwemakethe.
I-Shiputec ineminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20 yesipiliyoni embonini yokucubungula ukudla nokupakisha.
ISINGENISO KUBUCHWEPHESHE BETHU
UMBONO NOKUZIBOPHEZELA
Isigaba seShiputec siklama, sakha futhi sithengise izixazululo zobunjiniyela kanye nezokuzenzakalela embonini yobisi, ukudla, iziphuzo, ezolwandle, ezemithi kanye nezokunakekelwa komuntu siqu ngokusebenzisa imisebenzi yaso yomhlaba wonke.
Sizibophezele ekusizeni amakhasimende ethu emhlabeni wonke ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kanye nenzuzo yesitshalo sabo sokukhiqiza kanye nezinqubo. Sifeza lokhu ngokunikeza imikhiqizo nezixazululo ezahlukahlukene kusukela ezingxenyeni eziklanywe ngobunjiniyela kuya ekwakhiweni kwezitshalo zezinqubo eziphelele ezisekelwa ubuchwepheshe bezinhlelo zokusebenza ezihola phambili emhlabeni kanye nokuthuthukiswa.
Siyaqhubeka nokusiza amakhasimende ethu ukuthi athuthukise ukusebenza kanye nenzuzo yesitshalo sawo kuyo yonke impilo yaso yokusebenza ngezinsizakalo zokusekela ezenzelwe izidingo zawo ngamunye ngenethiwekhi yesevisi yamakhasimende ehlanganisiwe kanye nezingxenye ezisele.
UKUGXILA KWAMAKHASIMENDE
I-Shiputec ithuthukisa, ikhiqiza futhi ifaka imigqa yokucubungula yesimanje, esebenza kahle kakhulu futhi ethembekile embonini yokudla. Ukuze kukhiqizwe imikhiqizo yamafutha acwebezelayo njenge-margarine, ibhotela, ama-spreads kanye nama-shortening, i-Shiputec inikeza izixazululo ezihlanganisa nemigqa yenqubo yemikhiqizo yokudla exubile njenge-mayonnaise, amasoso kanye nama-dressing.
UKUKHIQIZWA KWEMARGARINE
I-margarine kanye nemikhiqizo ehlobene nayo iqukethe isigaba samanzi kanye nesigaba samafutha ngakho-ke ingachazwa njenge-emulsions yamanzi ku-oyela (W/O) lapho isigaba samanzi sihlakazeka kahle njengamaconsi esigabeni samafutha esiqhubekayo. Kuye ngokusetshenziswa komkhiqizo, ukwakheka kwesigaba samafutha kanye nenqubo yokukhiqiza kukhethwa ngokufanele.
Ngaphandle kwemishini yokwenza i-crystallization, indawo yokukhiqiza yesimanje ye-margarine nemikhiqizo ehlobene nayo ngokuvamile izofaka amathangi ahlukahlukene okugcina uwoyela kanye ne-emulsifier, isigaba samanzi kanye nokulungiselela i-emulsion; usayizi kanye nenani lamathangi kubalwa ngokusekelwe kumthamo wesitshalo kanye nephothifoliyo yomkhiqizo. Indawo ifaka neyunithi yokubulala amagciwane kanye nendawo yokuncibilikisa. Ngakho-ke, inqubo yokukhiqiza ingahlukaniswa ngokujwayelekile ibe yizinqubo ezincane ezilandelayo (sicela ubheke umdwebo 1):
UKULUNGISELWA KWESIGABA SAMANZI NESIGABA SAMAFUTHA (ISIZINI 1)
Isigaba samanzi sivame ukulungiswa ngokweqoqo ethangini lesigaba samanzi. Amanzi kufanele abe sezingeni elihle lokuphuza. Uma amanzi asezingeni lokuphuza engenakuqinisekiswa, amanzi angalungiswa kusengaphambili ngokusebenzisa isib. i-UV noma uhlelo lokuhlunga.
Ngaphandle kwamanzi, isigaba samanzi singaba nosawoti noma usawoti ojulile, amaprotheni obisi (i-margarine yetafula kanye nama-spread anamafutha aphansi), ushukela (i-puff pastry), ama-stabilizer (ama-spread aphansi nanamafutha aphansi), izilondolozi kanye nokunambitheka okuncibilikayo emanzini.
Izithako eziyinhloko esigabeni samafutha, ingxube yamafutha, ngokuvamile zihlanganisa ingxube yamafutha ahlukene namafutha. Ukuze kufezwe i-margarine enezimpawu kanye nokusebenza okufiselekayo, isilinganiso samafutha namafutha engxubeni yamafutha sinquma ukusebenza komkhiqizo wokugcina.
Amafutha ahlukahlukene namafutha, kungaba njengomxube wamafutha noma uwoyela owodwa, agcinwa emathangini okugcina uwoyela ngokuvamile abekwa ngaphandle kwendawo yokukhiqiza. Lawa agcinwa ekushiseni okuzinzile kokugcina ngaphezu kwendawo yokuncibilika kwamafutha futhi angaphansi kokushukunyiswa ukuze kugwenywe ukuhlukaniswa kwamafutha futhi kube lula ukuwaphatha.
Ngaphandle kokuhlanganiswa kwamafutha, isigaba samafutha ngokuvamile siqukethe izithako ezincane ezincibilika kumafutha njenge-emulsifier, i-lecithin, ukunambitheka, umbala kanye nama-antioxidants. Lezi zithako ezincane ziyancibilika kungxube yamafutha ngaphambi kokuba kufakwe isigaba samanzi, ngaleyo ndlela ngaphambi kwenqubo ye-emulsification.
UKULUNGISELWA KWE-EMULSION (ISIZINI 2)
Umdwebo 1:
1. Ukulungiswa kwesigaba samanzi kanye nesigaba samafutha (indawo 1),
2. Ukulungiswa kwe-emulsion (indawo 2),
3. Ukuhlanza (indawo 3),
4. Indawo yokubanda, yokwenza ikristalu kanye nokuxova (indawo 4),
5. Ukupakisha nokuncibilikisa kabusha (indawo 5)
I-emulsion ilungiswa ngokudlulisela amafutha ahlukahlukene kanye nezinhlanganisela zamafutha noma amafutha ethangini le-emulsion. Ngokuvamile, amafutha amaningi ancibilikayo noma izingxube zamafutha zengezwa kuqala kulandele amafutha ancibilikayo aphansi kanye namafutha oketshezi. Ukuze kuqedwe ukulungiswa kwesigaba samafutha, i-emulsifier nezinye izithako ezincane ezincibilikayo kumafutha zengezwa engxubeni yamafutha. Lapho zonke izithako zesigaba samafutha sezixutshwe kahle, isigaba samanzi siyangezwa bese i-emulsion idalwa ngaphansi kokuxuba okunamandla kodwa okulawulwayo.
Izinhlelo ezahlukene zingasetshenziswa ukulinganisa izithako ezahlukene ze-emulsion ezimbili zazo ezisebenza ngokweqembu:
- Uhlelo lwemitha yokugeleza
- Uhlelo lwethangi lokukala
Uhlelo lwe-emulsification oluqhubekayo olusemgqeni luyisisombululo esingathandwa kakhulu kodwa esisetshenziswa kakhulu, isibonelo, emigqeni enamandla aphezulu lapho kutholakala khona isikhala esilinganiselwe samathangi e-emulsion. Lolu hlelo lusebenzisa amaphampu okulinganisa kanye namamitha okugeleza kobuningi ukulawula isilinganiso sezigaba ezengeziwe ethangini elincane le-emulsion.
Izinhlelo ezishiwo ngenhla zonke zingalawulwa ngokuzenzakalelayo. Nokho, ezinye izitshalo ezindala zisenezinhlelo zokulungiselela i-emulsion ezilawulwa ngesandla kodwa lezi zidinga umsebenzi omningi futhi azikhuthazwa ukufakwa namuhla ngenxa yemithetho eqinile yokulandelela.
Uhlelo lwemitha yokugeleza lusekelwe ekulungiseleleni i-emulsion ngokweqembu lapho izigaba nezithako ezahlukahlukene kulinganiswa khona ngamamitha okugeleza ngobuningi lapho kudluliselwa kusuka kumathangi ahlukahlukene okulungiselela isigaba kuya ethangini le-emulsion. Ukunemba kwalolu hlelo kungu-+/-0.3%. Lolu hlelo lubonakala ngokungezwani kwalo namathonya angaphandle njengokudlidliza nokungcola.
Uhlelo lwethangi lokukala lufana nohlelo lwemitha yokugeleza olusekelwe ekulungiseleleni i-emulsion ngokweqembu. Lapha inani lezithako nezigaba zengezwa ngqo ethangini le-emulsion elifakwe kumaseli omthwalo alawula inani elengeziwe ethangini.
Ngokuvamile, uhlelo lwamathangi amabili lusetshenziselwa ukulungiselela i-emulsion ukuze lukwazi ukusebenzisa umugqa wokwenza ikristalu ngokuqhubekayo. Ithangi ngalinye lisebenza njengethangi lokulungiselela kanye ne-buffer (ithangi le-emulsion), ngakho-ke umugqa wokwenza ikristalu uzonikezwa kusuka kwelinye ithangi kuyilapho iqembu elisha lizolungiswa kwelinye futhi ngokuphambene nalokho. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi uhlelo lwe-flip-flop.
Isixazululo lapho i-emulsion ilungiswa khona ethangini elilodwa futhi uma selilungile lidluliselwa ethangini le-buffer lapho kuphakelwa khona umugqa we-crystallization nakho kuyindlela yokukhetha. Lolu hlelo lubizwa ngokuthi uhlelo lwe-premix/buffer.
UKUFUYISWA KWEZINTO EZINGU-PASTEURISATION (ISIZINI 3)
Kusukela ethangini le-buffer, i-emulsion ivame ukupompa njalo nge-plate heat exchanger (PHE) noma i-low pressure scraped surface heat exchanger (SSHE), noma i-high pressure SSHE yokufakelwa i-pasteur ngaphambi kokungena emgqeni we-crystallization.
Kwimikhiqizo egcwele amafutha, i-PHE ivame ukusetshenziswa. Ezinguqulweni zamafutha aphansi lapho i-emulsion kulindeleke ukuthi ibonise i-viscosity ephezulu kanye nama-emulsion azwela ukushisa (isb. ama-emulsion anokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwamaprotheni) kunconywa uhlelo lwe-SPX njengesixazululo somfutho ophansi noma i-SPX-PLUS njengesixazululo somfutho ophakeme.
Inqubo yokuhlanza inezinzuzo eziningana. Iqinisekisa ukuvinjelwa kokukhula kwamagciwane kanye nokukhula kwezinye izinto ezincane, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe ukuzinza kwe-microbiological ye-emulsion. Ukuhlanza isigaba samanzi kuphela kungenzeka, kodwa ukuhlanza i-emulsion ephelele kuyathandwa ngoba inqubo yokuhlanza i-emulsion izonciphisa isikhathi sokuhlala kusukela kumkhiqizo ohlanziwe kuya ekugcwaliseni noma ekupakisheni umkhiqizo wokugcina. Futhi, umkhiqizo uphathwa ngenqubo elandelanayo kusukela ekuhlanzeni kuya ekugcwaliseni noma ekupakisheni umkhiqizo wokugcina kanye nokuhlanza noma yikuphi ukuphinda kusetshenziswe kuyaqinisekiswa lapho i-emulsion ephelele ihlanziwe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufakelwa kwe-emulsion ephelele kuqinisekisa ukuthi i-emulsion iphakelwa emgqeni wokufakelwa kwe-crystallization ekushiseni okulinganayo okufinyelela imingcele yokucubungula eqhubekayo, amazinga okushisa omkhiqizo kanye nokuthungwa komkhiqizo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwenzeka kwe-emulsion efakwe i-crystallization ephakelwa imishini yokufakelwa kwe-crystallization kuyavinjelwa lapho i-emulsion ifakwa i-crystallization kahle futhi iphakelwa ipompo yokucindezela okuphezulu ekushiseni okungu-5-10°C okuphezulu kunephuzu lokuncibilika kwesigaba samafutha.
Inqubo evamile yokugcoba i-pasteurization ngemva kokulungiswa kwe-emulsion ku-45-55°C ifaka phakathi uchungechunge lokushisa nokubamba i-emulsion ku-75-85°C imizuzwana eyi-16. Bese kuba inqubo yokupholisa ekushiseni okungu-45-55°C. Izinga lokushisa lokugcina lincike endaweni yokuncibilika kwesigaba samafutha: lapho indawo yokuncibilika iphakama, izinga lokushisa liphakeme.
UKUPHOLISA, UKUKHIQIZWA NOKUXOVA (IZINDAWO 4)
I-emulsion ipompelwa emgqeni wokwenza ikristali ngephampu yepiston enomfutho ophezulu (i-HPP). Umugqa wokwenza ikristali wokukhiqizwa kwe-margarine nemikhiqizo ehlobene nayo ngokuvamile uqukethe i-SSHE enomfutho ophezulu epholiswa yi-ammonia noma i-Freon type cooling media. Umshini (imishini) we-pin rotor kanye/noma ama-crystallizer aphakathi avame ukufakwa emgqeni ukuze kwengezwe amandla engeziwe okuxova kanye nesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yepulasitiki. Ithubhu lokuphumula liyisinyathelo sokugcina somugqa wokwenza ikristali futhi lifakwa kuphela uma umkhiqizo upakishiwe.
Inhliziyo yomugqa wokwenza ikristalu ibe yi-SSHE enengcindezi ephezulu, lapho i-emulsion efudumele ipholiswa kakhulu futhi iqiniswe ebusweni bangaphakathi bepayipi lokubanda. I-emulsion ikhuhlwa kahle yizikrweli ezijikelezayo, ngakho-ke i-emulsion iyabanda futhi ixovwe ngasikhathi sinye. Lapho amafutha aku-emulsion eqiniswe, amakristalu amafutha akha inethiwekhi enezinhlangothi ezintathu ebamba amaconsi amanzi kanye namafutha oketshezi, okuholela emikhiqizweni enezakhiwo zepulasitiki eziqinile kancane.
Kuye ngohlobo lomkhiqizo ozokhiqizwa kanye nohlobo lwamafutha asetshenziswa kumkhiqizo othize, ukucushwa komugqa we-crystallization (okungukuthi ukuhleleka kwamashubhu okuphola kanye nemishini ye-pin rotor) kungalungiswa ukuze kunikezwe ukucushwa okuhle kakhulu komkhiqizo othize.
Njengoba umugqa wokwenza amakristalu uvame ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo yamafutha engaphezu kweyodwa ethile, i-SSHE ivame ukuba nezingxenye ezimbili noma ngaphezulu zokupholisa noma amashubhu okupholisa ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zomugqa wokwenza amakristalu oguquguqukayo. Lapho kukhiqizwa imikhiqizo yamafutha ehlukene acwebezelayo yezingxube zamafutha ahlukahlukene, kudingeka ukuguquguquka ngoba izici zokwenza amakristalu zezingxube zingase zihluke kusuka kolunye uhlobo kuya kolunye.
Inqubo yokwenza i-crystallization, izimo zokucubungula kanye nemingcele yokucubungula inethonya elikhulu ezicini ze-margarine yokugcina kanye nemikhiqizo yokusatshalaliswa. Lapho uklama umugqa wokwenza i-crystallization, kubalulekile ukuhlonza izici zemikhiqizo ehlelelwe ukukhiqizwa kulayini. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukutshalwa kwezimali esikhathini esizayo, ukuguquguquka komugqa kanye nemingcele yokucubungula elawulwayo ngayinye kuyadingeka, ngoba uhla lwemikhiqizo ethakazelisayo lungashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa.
Umthamo womugqa unqunywa indawo yokupholisa etholakalayo ye-SSHE. Imishini yobukhulu obuhlukene iyatholakala kusukela emigqeni yomthamo ophansi kuya kophezulu. Futhi amazinga ahlukahlukene okuguquguquka ayatholakala kusukela kumishini yepayipi elilodwa kuya emigqeni yamapayipi amaningi, ngaleyo ndlela imigqa yokucubungula eguquguqukayo kakhulu.
Ngemva kokuba umkhiqizo upholile ku-SSHE, ungena emshinini we-pin rotor kanye/noma kuma-crystallizer aphakathi lapho uxovwa khona isikhathi esithile nangokuqina okuthile ukuze kusizwe ukukhuthazwa kwenethiwekhi enezinhlangothi ezintathu, okuyisakhiwo sepulasitiki ezingeni le-macroscopic. Uma umkhiqizo uhloselwe ukusatshalaliswa njengomkhiqizo osongiwe, uzongena futhi ku-SSHE ngaphambi kokuba uhlale epayipini lokuphumula ngaphambi kokugoqwa. Uma umkhiqizo ugcwaliswe ezinkomishini, akukho payipi lokuphumula elifakiwe emugqeni wokwenza ikristali.
UKUPHAKISHA, UKUGCWALISA NOKWENZA OKUPHELELE (ISIZINI 5)
Imishini ehlukahlukene yokupakisha nokugcwalisa iyatholakala emakethe futhi ngeke ichazwe kulesi sihloko. Kodwa-ke, ukuhambisana komkhiqizo kuhluke kakhulu uma ukhiqizwa ukuze upakishwe noma ugcwaliswe. Kusobala ukuthi umkhiqizo opakishiwe kumele ubonise ukuthungwa okuqinile kunomkhiqizo ogcwalisiwe futhi uma lokhu kuthungwa kungalungile, umkhiqizo uzophambukiswa uye ohlelweni lokuncibilikisa, uncibilikiswe bese wengezwa ethangini le-buffer ukuze ucutshungulwe kabusha. Kunezinhlelo ezahlukene zokuncibilikisa ezitholakalayo kodwa izinhlelo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu yi-PHE noma i-SSHE ephansi.
UKUZENZAKALELA
I-margarine, njengeminye imikhiqizo yokudla, ikhona emafektri amaningi namuhla akhiqizwa ngaphansi kwezinqubo eziqinile zokulandelela. Lezi zinqubo ngokuvamile zihlanganisa izithako, ukukhiqizwa kanye nomkhiqizo wokugcina azigcini nje ngokuphepha kokudla okuthuthukisiwe kodwa futhi nekhwalithi yokudla eqhubekayo. Izidingo zokulandelela zingasetshenziswa ohlelweni lokulawula lwefektri futhi uhlelo lokulawula lwe-Shiputec luklanyelwe ukulawula, ukurekhoda nokubhala phansi izimo ezibalulekile kanye nemingcele ephathelene nenqubo ephelele yokukhiqiza.
Uhlelo lokulawula luhlonyiswe ngokuvikelwa kwephasiwedi futhi lunemininingwane yomlando yokurekhoda yonke imingcele ehilelekile emgqeni wokucubungula imajarini kusukela kulwazi lweresiphi kuya ekuhlolweni kokugcina komkhiqizo. Ukurekhoda idatha kufaka phakathi umthamo kanye nokukhishwa kwephampu yokucindezela okuphezulu (ingcindezi ye-l/hora kanye neyangemuva), amazinga okushisa omkhiqizo (kufaka phakathi inqubo yokugcoba) ngesikhathi sokukhipha ikristalu, amazinga okushisa okupholisa (noma ukucindezela kwemidiya yokupholisa) kwe-SSHE, isivinini semishini ye-SSHE kanye ne-pin rotor kanye nomthwalo wezinjini ezisebenzisa iphampu yokucindezela okuphezulu, i-SSHE kanye nemishini ye-pin rotor.
Uhlelo lokulawula
Ngesikhathi sokucubungula, ama-alamu azothunyelwa kumqhubi uma imingcele yokucubungula yomkhiqizo othize ingaphezu kwemingcele; lawa abekwe kumhleli weresiphi ngaphambi kokukhiqiza. Lawa ma-alamu kufanele aqashelwe ngesandla futhi izinyathelo ngokwezinqubo kufanele zithathwe. Wonke ama-alamu agcinwa ohlelweni lwe-alamu lomlando ukuze abukwe kamuva. Lapho umkhiqizo ushiya umugqa wokukhiqiza ngendlela efanelekile noma egcwele, uhlukile egameni lomkhiqizo elivame ukuphawulwa ngosuku, isikhathi kanye nenombolo yokuhlonza ibhetshi ukuze kulandelwe kamuva. Ngakho-ke umlando ophelele wazo zonke izinyathelo zokukhiqiza ezihilelekile enkambisweni yokukhiqiza ufakwa ngenxa yokuphepha komkhiqizi kanye nomsebenzisi wokugcina, umthengi.
I-CIP
Izitshalo zokuhlanza ze-CIP (i-CIP = ukuhlanza endaweni) nazo ziyingxenye yesakhiwo sesimanje se-margarine njengoba izitshalo zokukhiqiza i-margarine kufanele zihlanzwe njalo. Emikhiqizweni yendabuko ye-margarine kanye ngesonto yisikhathi esivamile sokuhlanza. Kodwa-ke, emikhiqizweni ebucayi efana namafutha aphansi (okuqukethwe kwamanzi amaningi) kanye/noma imikhiqizo equkethe amaprotheni amaningi, kunconywa izikhawu ezimfushane phakathi kwe-CIP.
Ngokuyisisekelo, kusetshenziswa izinhlelo ezimbili ze-CIP: izitshalo ze-CIP ezisebenzisa imidiya yokuhlanza kanye kuphela noma izitshalo ze-CIP ezinconywayo ezisebenza ngesisombululo se-buffer semidiya yokuhlanza lapho imidiya efana ne-lye, i-asidi kanye/noma izibulali-magciwane zibuyiselwa emathangini okugcina e-CIP ngamunye ngemva kokusetshenziswa. Inqubo yokugcina iyathandwa ngoba imelela ikhambi elinobungani nemvelo futhi iyikhambi elingabizi maqondana nokusetshenziswa kwezinto zokuhlanza futhi ngalokhu izindleko zalezi zinto.
Uma kwenzeka kufakwa imigqa eminingana yokukhiqiza efektri eyodwa, kungenzeka ukusetha imigwaqo yokuhlanza ehambisanayo noma izinhlelo zesathelayithi ze-CIP. Lokhu kuholela ekunciphiseni okukhulu kwesikhathi sokuhlanza kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla. Amapharamitha enqubo ye-CIP alawulwa ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi alotshwe ukuze atholakale kamuva ohlelweni lokulawula.
AMAZWI OKUGCINA
Lapho ukhiqiza i-margarine nemikhiqizo ehlobene nayo, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi akuzona nje izithako ezifana namafutha namafutha asetshenzisiwe noma iresiphi yomkhiqizo enquma ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo wokugcina kodwa futhi nokuma kwesitshalo, imingcele yokucubungula kanye nesimo sesitshalo. Uma umugqa noma imishini ingagcinwanga kahle, kunengozi yokuthi umugqa awusebenzi kahle. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kukhiqizwe imikhiqizo esezingeni eliphezulu, isitshalo esisebenza kahle siyadingeka kodwa ukukhetha ingxube yamafutha enezici ezihambisana nokusetshenziswa kokugcina komkhiqizo nakho kubalulekile kanye nokuma okufanele kanye nokukhetha imingcele yokucubungula yesitshalo. Okokugcina kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu umkhiqizo wokugcina kufanele uphathwe ngokushisa ngokwendlela yokusetshenziswa kokugcina.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Jan-21-2026