Ubuchwepheshe Bokucubungula Okufushane

Kuyini ukufinyeza?

Okokuqala, incazelo esheshayo: Ukufinyeza amafutha aqinile enziwe ngamafutha emifino, amafutha ezilwane, noma inhlanganisela. Umsebenzi wawo oyinhloko "ukufinyeza" noma ukuphula imicu ye-gluten ezintweni ezibhakiwe, okudala ukuthungwa okuthambile nokuqhekeka (isb., kuma-crusts ephayi, amabhisikidi, nama-cookies).

Inselele enkulu yezobuchwepheshe ukuguqula amafutha acwebezelayo abe amafutha epulasitiki aqinile, aqinile kancane. Lokhu kufezwa ngezinqubo ezimbili eziyinhloko:Ukufakwa kwe-hydrogenationfuthiUkwenziwa kwesithakazelo, ulandelwa nguUkulinganisela.

Izinyathelo Zokucubungula Okuyinhloko

Uhambo oluvela ku-oyela oluhlaza kuya ekufinyezweni okuqediwe luhilela izigaba eziningana ezibalulekile:

1. Ukukhetha Nokuhlanganisa Amafutha

• Inhloso:Ukwakha ingxube yamafutha ayisisekelo nephrofayili ye-fatty acid oyifunayo yokusebenza komkhiqizo wokugcina (indawo yokuncibilika, okuqukethwe kwamafutha aqinile, njll.).
• Inqubo:Amafutha ahlukene acwengisisiwe, afakwe i-bleach, futhi asuswe iphunga (RBD) ayalinganiswa futhi axutshwe. Amafutha avamile afaka phakathi i-soybean, i-palm, i-cottonseed, i-canola, kanye namafutha e-palm kernel.

2. I-Hydrogenation (Indlela Yendabuko)

• Inhloso:Ukwandisa iphuzu lokuncibilika kanye nokuqina kwamafutha oketshezi ngokwenza ukuthi agcwale kakhulu.
• Inqubo:Uwoyela oxutshwe ushiswa ku-reactor ecindezelwe lapho kukhona i-nickel catalyst kanye negesi ye-hydrogen.Qaphela:Le nqubo idalaamafutha e-trans, manje esezilawulwa kakhulu futhi ezingathandwa ngenxa yezinkinga zempilo. Lokhu kuholele ekukhuleni kobuchwepheshe obuhlukile.
  • Ama-athomu e-hydrogen anezelwa ezibophweni ezimbili ezingagcwalisiwe ezintanjeni ze-fatty acid.
  • Lokhu kuguqula amafutha aketshezi (angenasawoti) abe amafutha aqinile noma aqinile (amafutha agcwele kanye nama-trans).

3. Ukwakha isithakazelo (Indlela Yesimanje)

• Inhloso:Ukulungisa kabusha ama-fatty acid kumgogodla we-glycerol wama-molecule e-triglyceride ngaphandle kokudala amafutha e-trans. Lokhu kuvumela abakhiqizi ukuthi bakhe amafutha anezakhiwo ezifanele zokuncibilika kanye ne-crystallization ngenhlanganisela yamafutha.
• Inqubo:Umphumela:Isisekelo sokufinyeza esingenamafutha angenawo ama-trans esinezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zokusebenza.
  • I-IE yamakhemikhali:Isebenzisa i-catalyst ye-sodium methoxide ukuphula nokuhlanganisa kabusha ama-fatty acid ngokungahleliwe.
  • I-Enzymatic IE:Isebenzisa ama-enzyme athile (isib. ama-lipase) njengesikhuthazi. Lokhu kunembile kakhulu futhi kuvumela ukuhlelwa kabusha okuqondiwe kodwa kubiza kakhulu.

4. Ukuxuba kanye nokuhlanganisa

• Amafutha ayisisekelo aqinisiwe axutshwa namafutha oketshezi ukuze kufezwe i-Solid Fat Index (SFI) edingekayo ngqo – isilinganiso sobulukhuni kuwo wonke amazinga okushisa ahlukene.
• Ama-emulsifier (isb., ama-monoglycerides, i-lecithin) ayengezwa ukuthuthukisa ukuthungwa, ivolumu, kanye nokuphila kweshelufu kumkhiqizo wokugcina obhakiwe.

5. Ukupholisa Nokuqinisa (Ukupholisa Nokwenza Amakristalu)

Lesi yisinyathelo esibaluleke kakhulu ekudaleni isakhiwo sokugcina kanye "nokusabalala" kokunciphisa.

• Inqubo:Ingxube yamafutha ancibilikisiwe ipompishwa nge-Umvotinoma i-scraped-surface heat exchanger (SSHE).
  • Iyunithi (I-Chiller):Amafutha aphola ngokushesha ngaphansi kokucindezeleka okuphezulu kanye nokushukunyiswa. Lokhu kukhuthaza ukwakheka kwamakristalu amaningi amancane e-beta-prime (β'), afanelekela ukufinyezwa okubushelelezi, okunesimo esihle, kanye nepulasitiki.
  • Iyunithi B (Isivikelo):Amafutha abandayo abe esesebenza ku-pin-worker noma ku-quiescent tube. Lokhu kuxova amafutha aqinisayo ukuqinisekisa ukwakheka kahle kwekristalu futhi kuvimbele amakristalu amakhulu, anombala we-beta (β).

6. Ukushisa Nokupakisha

• I-shortening esafudumele, ecwebezelayo ipakishwe (emabhafini, ama-cubes, noma ezitsheni ezinkulu).
• Ukunciphisa okupakishiwe kufakwa ezindaweni zokugcina izinto ezilawulwa amazinga okushisa (amakamelo okushisa) amahora angama-24-72.
• Inhloso Yokulinganisela:Lokhu kuvumela isakhiwo sekristalu ukuthi sizinze ngokuphelele sibe yifomu elifunwayo le-β', okuqinisekisa ukuthungwa okuhlala njalo, okubushelelezi kanye nokuqina kweshelufu.

7. Isitoreji Nokuthunyelwa

• Ukufinyeza okufudumele kugcinwa futhi kuthunyelwe ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa alawulwayo ukuze kulondolozwe ikhwalithi kanye nokuqina kwayo.

Imiqondo Ebalulekile Yezobuchwepheshe

• Ukwakheka kwepulasitiki:Isici esivumela ukufinyeza ukuthi kusatshalaliswe futhi kuxutshwe kalula. Kuncike ekubeni nengxube yamakristalu aqinile namafutha acwebezelayo ngaphakathi kwebanga elithile lokushisa ("ububanzi bepulasitiki").
• Isakhiwo sekristalu:Uhlobo lwekristalu yamafutha lubalulekile.Inkomba Yamafutha Aqinile (i-SFI):Ijika elilinganisa iphesenti lamafutha aqinile ku-shortening kuwo wonke amazinga okushisa ahlukahlukene. Liyithuluzi eliyinhloko lokubikezela ukusebenza kwe-shortening kuhlelo oluthile (isb., i-shortening ye-pie crust kanye ne-icing shortening zinama-SFI curves ahlukene kakhulu).
  • Amakristalu e-Beta-Prime (β'):Amakristalu amancane, afana nenaliti akha inethiwekhi enhle ekwazi ukugcina uwoyela omningi owuketshezi. Lokhu kudala ukufinyeza okubushelelezi, okunokhilimu, kanye nepulasitiki ephezulu.Lena ifomu elifunwayo.
  • Amakristalu e-Beta (β):Amakristalu amakhulu, aqinile, anombala oluhlaza aholela emafutheni aqinile, aqhekeka kalula, futhi angewona apulasitiki (isb., ukuba nombala oluhlaza ebhodweni elidala).

Isifinyezo Sokugeleza Kokukhiqiza Okufushane Kwanamuhla

Ukuvela Kobuchwepheshe

Lo mkhuba usuka kakhulu ku-i-hydrogenation(ngenxa yokuvinjelwa kwamafutha e-trans) kanye nokuya ku:

1. Ukwenziwa kwesithakazelo(amakhemikhali kanye nama-enzyme).
2. Ukusebenzisa amafutha aqinile ngokwemvelo afanaAmafutha esundukanye nezingxenyana zayo (isb., i-palm olein, i-palm stearin), evame ukuhlanganiswa namanye amafutha aqinile anjengowoyela we-sunflower noma i-canola one-oleic ephezulu.
3. I-Hydrogenation Egcwele:Ukufaka i-hydrogenation ngokugcwele uwoyela (okwakha i-stearine egcwele, engenamafutha angenawo) bese uyixuba namafutha angoketshezi. Lokhu kuhlukile ku-hydrogenation engaphelele, eyadala amafutha angenawo.

Umgomo wobuchwepheshe besimanje bokufushanisa ukufeza izakhiwo ezisebenzayo eziphelele zokubhaka nokuthosangaphandleukusetshenziswa kwamafutha e-trans okwenziwa.