Umehluko phakathi kokuhlukaniswa, i-hydrogenation kanye ne-Esterification yamafutha namafutha.

Umehluko phakathi kokuhlukaniswa, i-hydrogenation kanye ne-Esterification yamafutha namafutha.

Ukuhlukaniswa, i-hydrogenation, kanye ne-esterification ubuchwepheshe obuthathu obubalulekile bokushintsha izakhiwo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali zamafutha namafutha ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ezahlukahlukene zemboni yokudla. Umehluko oyinhloko phakathi kwabo usezimisweni ezihlukile abazisebenzisayo ukuguqula izakhiwo zamafutha namafutha. Ngezansi, sethula ukuqhathanisa okucacile komehluko wabo ngethebula kanye nezincazelo ezinemininingwane.

Isifinyezo Somehluko Oyinhloko

Impahla	Ukuhlukaniswa	Ukufakwa kwe-hydrogenation	Ukuqinisekiswa kwe-Esterification
Imvelo	Ushintsho olungokomzimba	Ushintsho lwamakhemikhali	Ushintsho lwamakhemikhali
Isimiso	Ukuhlukaniswa okusekelwe ekwahlukeni kwamaphuzu okuncibilika kwama-triglyceride ahlukahlukene ngokupholisa, ukwakheka kwekristalu, kanye nokuhlunga.	Ukwengeza i-hydrogen ezibophweni eziphindwe kabili zama-fatty acid angagcwalisiwe ngaphansi kwesenzo se-catalyst.	Ukuhlelwa kabusha kwama-fatty acid emgogodleni we-glycerol ngokungahleliwe noma ngokuqondiswa ngaphansi kwesenzo se-catalyst noma i-enzyme.
Inhloso	Ukuhlukanisa amafutha abe yizingxenye ezincibilikayo (i-stearin) kanye nezingxenyana ezincibilikayo (i-olein).	Ukwandisa izinga lokuncibilika kwamafutha ukuze awaguqule kusuka kuketshezi abe yizimo eziqinile noma eziqinile; kuthuthukisa ukuzinza kwe-oxidative.	Ukushintsha izici ze-crystallization kanye ne-plasticity yamafutha ngaphandle kokushintsha ukwakheka kwe-fatty acid.
Umthelela Kuma-Acid Amafutha	Akukho ushintsho esakhiweni samakhemikhali sama-fatty acid.	Ushintsho esakhiweni samakhemikhali sama-fatty acid: ama-fatty acid angagcwalisiwe → ama-fatty acid agcwele; angakhiqiza ama-trans fatty acid.	Akukho ushintsho esakhiweni samakhemikhali sama-fatty acid ngamanye, kodwa ushintsho ekusabalaleni kwawo emgogodleni we-glycerol.
Izici Zomkhiqizo	Thola imikhiqizo emibili noma ngaphezulu enezakhiwo zomzimba ezihlukile (isb., i-palm olein kanye ne-palm stearin kusuka ku-palm oil).	Thola amafutha ane-hydrogenated anokwakheka okunzima nokuqina okungcono.	Thola amafutha anezingqimba ezintsha zokuncibilika kanye nokuthungwa, njenge-margarine engenamafutha angenawo ama-trans kanye ne-shortening.
Isifaniso Esilula	Njengokushiya uwoyela ngaphandle ebusika, ukuhlukanisa uwoyela owuketshezi nengxenye eqinile.	Njengokuqinisa ama-molecule angazinzile ukuze awenze “aqine” futhi “aqine”.	Njengokushintshashintsha idekhi yamakhadi (ama-fatty acid) ukuze uthole isandla esisha (amafutha amasha).

Incazelo Eningiliziwe

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kwezingxenye

• Umqondo oyinhloko: Ukuhlukana, hhayi ushintsho.

• Inqubo: Shisisa kancane uwoyela ukuze uncibilikise, bese uwupholisa kancane ekushiseni okuthile. Ama-triglyceride anamaphuzu aphezulu okuncibilikisa azoqala acwebezele, akhe izinhlayiya eziqinile. Lawa makristalu aqinile (i-stearin) angahlukaniswa namafutha anganyakazi (i-olein) ngokuhlunga noma nge-centrifugation.

• Izibonelo zokusetshenziswa:

o Ukuhlukaniswa kwamafutha esundu: Lokhu kuyindlela ejwayelekile kakhulu yokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokuhlukanisa. Amafutha esundu angahlukaniswa ukuze kutholakale i-palm olein (esetshenziselwa uwoyela wokupheka, uwoyela wokuthosa) kanye ne-palm stearin (esetshenziselwa i-margarine, i-shortening, namafutha e-confectionery).

o Ukuhlukaniswa kwebhotela: Kukhiqiza amafutha ebhotela ahlanzekile, asetshenziselwa ukwenza ama-pastry asezingeni eliphezulu.

• Izinzuzo: Inqubo emsulwa yomzimba, akukho zinguquko zamakhemikhali ezethuliwe, akukho ma-reagent amakhemikhali, futhi umkhiqizo ungokwemvelo.

2. Ukufakwa kwe-hydrogen

• Umqondo oyinhloko: Faka i-hydrogen ukuze wenze uwoyela ube "lukhuni" futhi "uqine kakhudlwana".

• Inqubo: Ngaphansi kokushisa okuphezulu, umfutho ophezulu, kanye nokuba khona kwe-catalyst yensimbi (ngokuvamile i-nickel), igesi ye-hydrogen idluliselwa ku-oyili owuketshezi. I-hydrogen izokwengeza ezibophweni eziphindwe kabili eziketangeni ze-asidi yamafutha engagcwalisiwe, inciphise noma isuse izibopho eziphindwe kabili.

o I-hydrogenation engaphelele: Ama-bond amabili awagcwali ngokugcwele, futhi inani elikhulu lama-trans fatty acid liyakhiqizwa phakathi nale nqubo. Ngenxa yezingozi zempilo zama-trans fatty acid, ivinjelwe emazweni amaningi nasezifundeni eziningi.

o I-hydrogenation ephelele: Ama-bond aphindwe kabili cishe agcwele ngokuphelele, ikakhulukazi akhiqiza ama-fatty acid agcwele (i-stearic acid), cishe angenawo ama-trans fatty acid. Amafutha agcwele i-hydrogen aqinile kakhulu futhi ayaphuka, futhi ngokuvamile adinga ukuhlanganiswa namafutha aketshezi noma alungiswe ngokushintshaniswa kwe-ester ukuze kuguqulwe izakhiwo zawo.

• Izibonelo zokusetshenziswa:

o Ukukhiqiza ama-shortening kanye ne-margarine: Guqula uwoyela wesoya owuketshezi, uwoyela we-rapeseed, njll. ube yifomu eliqinile lokubhaka nokusabalalisa.

o Ukuthuthukisa ukuzinza kwamafutha: Yandisa isikhathi sokuphila kwamafutha okuthosa nokudla okuqukethe amafutha.

• Okubi: Kukhiqiza ama-trans fatty acid ayingozi (i-hydrogenation engaphelele) futhi kulahlekelwa ama-fatty acid abalulekile.

3. I-Ester Exchange

• Umqondo oyinhloko: "Ukushintshashintsha", ukushintsha isakhiwo sama-triglyceride.

• Inqubo: Ngaphansi kwesenzo se-catalyst yamakhemikhali (njenge-sodium methoxide) noma i-lipase, ama-fatty acid glycerides kuma-molecule kawoyela "ayahlakazwa", bese ama-fatty acid ahlanganiswa ngokungahleliwe noma ngokuqondile kumgogodla we-glycerol ukuze kwakhiwe ama-molecule amasha e-triglyceride.

o Ukushintshaniswa kwe-ester okungahleliwe: Ama-fatty acid ahlelwa kabusha ngokungahleliwe phakathi kwawo wonke ama-molecule.

o Ukushintshaniswa kwe-ester okuqondisiwe: Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile (njengokushisa okulawulwayo), inqubo yokuhlela kabusha iqondiswa ohlangothini olufunwayo.

• Izibonelo zokusetshenziswa:

o Ukukhiqiza i-trans-fat-free shortening kanye ne-margarine: Lokhu kuyindlela ebaluleke kakhulu yesimanje yokushintshana kwe-ester. Ngokwenza ukushintshana kwe-ester phakathi kwe-stearin egcwele i-hydrogenated (ngaphandle kwe-trans acid) kanye namafutha aketshezi, kungatholakala amafutha epulasitiki anokuthungwa okuhle futhi angenawo ama-trans fatty acid.

o Ukuthuthukisa ukuhambisana kwemikhiqizo ethatha indawo yebhotela likakhokho.

o Ukushintsha isakhiwo sekristalu se-lard nebhotela ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwazo ekubhakeni.

• Izinzuzo: Kungashintsha kakhulu izakhiwo zomzimba zamafutha ngaphandle kokukhiqiza ama-trans fatty acid, okwenza kube yindlela eyinhloko yobuchwepheshe be-hydrogenation engaphelele.

Uma ufuna ukuhlukanisa uwoyela ube izingxenye ezinezindawo zokuncibilika ezahlukene, sebenzisa ukuhlukaniswa. Uma ufuna ukwenza uwoyela owuketshezi ube nzima futhi uzinze, kusetshenziswa i-hydrogenation ngokwesiko, kodwa qaphela inkinga yama-trans fatty acids. Uma ufuna ukulungisa ubulukhuni, ukuthungwa kanye nokuqina kwamafutha ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-hydrogenation, engakhiqiza ama-trans fatty acids, khona-ke i-transesterification iyindlela engcono kakhulu. Embonini yamafutha yanamuhla, lawa masu amathathu avame ukuhlanganiswa ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo yamafutha esebenzayo ehlangabezana nezidingo ezithile ezahlukahlukene.