Iyini uhlelo lokuqandisa lwe-ammonia?

Iyini uhlelo lokuqandisa lwe-ammonia?

Uhlelo lokuqandisa lwe-ammonia luhlelo lokuqandisa lwezimboni olusebenzisa i-ammonia (NH₃) njengesiqandisi. Lusebenzisa isimiso sokuthi i-ammonia imunca ukushisa okukhulu ngesikhathi sokuhwamuka ukuze inikeze ukupholisa izinqubo zokukhiqiza zezimboni ezidinga amazinga okushisa aphansi (njengokuqandisa ukudla, ukuqandisa, ukukhiqizwa kwamakhemikhali, izindawo zemidlalo zeqhwa, njll.).

Ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo kahle kakhulu, isimo sayo sezomnotho kanye neqiniso lokuthi ayilimazi ungqimba lwe-ozone (ODP = 0), i-ammonia iyisiqandisi esithandwayo emikhakheni yeziqandisi ezinkulu zezimboni nezentengiselwano.

Umgomo wokusebenza oyinhloko (umjikelezo wokuqandisa wesigaba esisodwa)

Ukusebenza kohlelo lokupholisa lwe-ammonia kulandela umjikelezo oyisisekelo wokuqandisa wokucindezela umphunga, oqukethe ikakhulukazi izinqubo ezine:

Ukucindezela: Umhwamuko we-ammonia ekushiseni okuphansi kanye nokucindezela okuphansi udonswa yi-compressor bese ucindezelwa, uphenduke umhwamuko oshisayo kakhulu ekushiseni okuphezulu kanye nokucindezela okuphezulu.

Ukuqina: Umhwamuko we-ammonia ekushiseni okuphezulu kanye nomfutho ophezulu ungena kwi-condenser, lapho upholiswa khona ngamanzi noma umoya opholile, ukhiphe ukushisa bese uqina ube uketshezi lwe-ammonia olunomfutho ophezulu, olunokushisa okujwayelekile.

Ukugoqa: Uketshezi lwe-ammonia olunomfutho ophezulu ludlula ku-valve yokugoqa (njenge-valve yokwandisa), bese umfutho wehla kakhulu. Olunye uketshezi luyashintsha lube yi-vapor, luphenduke ingxube yomhwamuko noketshezi olunokushisa okuphansi kanye nomfutho ophansi.

Ukuhwamuka: I-ammonia enokushisa okuphansi ingena ku-evaporator (njengefeni yokupholisa noma i-heat exchanger), imunca ukushisa okuvela endaweni epholile (indawo yokugcina ebandayo), bese ihwamuka ngokuphelele ibe yi-vapor enokushisa okuphansi kanye nengcindezi ephansi. Lo mhwamuko ube usubuyiselwa yi-compressor bese uqedela umjikelezo.

Isifaniso esilula: Njengoba nje umzimba womuntu ujuluka ukuze uphole, lapho umjuluko (isixazululo se-ammonia) uphuma, umunca ukushisa esikhumbeni (ingxenye epholile), okwenza isikhumba sizizwe sipholile.

Izingxenye Eziyinhloko

I-Compressor: "Inhliziyo" yesistimu. Izinhlobo ezivamile zifaka phakathi i-piston, i-screw, kanye ne-centrifugal. Ama-screw compressor yiwona asetshenziswa kakhulu ezinhlelweni zesimanje eziphakathi nezinkulu ngenxa yokusebenza kahle kwazo okuphezulu kanye nokulungiswa kwamandla okuguquguqukayo.

I-Condenser: "I-heat exchanger" yesistimu. Isusa ukushisa kugesi ye-ammonia ecindezelwe. Ihlukaniswe ngohlobo olupholiswe ngamanzi (ukusebenza kahle kakhulu, kudinga umbhoshongo wokupholisa) kanye nohlobo lokupholisa oluhwamukayo (olugcina amanzi, olusetshenziswa kabanzi).

Idivayisi yokudonsa umoya: njenge-valve yokwandisa, i-valve yokuntanta. Ilawula izinga lokugeleza kanye nokucindezela koketshezi lwe-ammonia olungena ku-evaporator.

Umhwamuki: "Ukuphela kokukhipha okubandayo" kohlelo. Uma ifakwa endaweni yokugcina ebandayo noma endaweni yokucubungula, i-ammonia iyahwamuka futhi imunce ukushisa okungaphakathi kwayo. Izinhlobo ezivamile zifaka phakathi ama-air cooler (ane-convection ephoqelelwe) namapayipi e-coil (ane-convection yemvelo).

Ithangi lokugcina uketshezi: Ligcina uketshezi lwe-ammonia ngemva kokujiya, lilinganisela ukunikezwa kanye nesidingo sohlelo.

Isihlukanisi samafutha kanye nesiqoqi samafutha: Hlukanisa futhi ubuyisele uwoyela wokugcoba owenziwa yi-compressor exhaust, uqinisekise ukusebenza kahle kohlelo.

Isihlukanisi segesi noketshezi: Sivikela i-compressor ngokuvimbela uketshezi lwe-ammonia olungaphefumuli ukuthi lungene futhi lubangele "umthelela woketshezi".

Uhlelo lokulawula: "Ubuchopho" bezinhlelo zesimanje. Luhlanganisa ama-PLC, izinzwa, ama-actuator, njll., futhi lunesibopho sokufeza ukulawula okuzenzakalelayo, ukuvikelwa kokuphepha, kanye nokulawulwa kwamandla.

Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zezinhlelo

Uhlelo lokunweba ngqo: I-Amoniya ikhishwa ngqo ku-evaporator ukuze kufezwe ukupholisa. Isebenza kahle kakhulu, kodwa idinga ukuvalwa kwamapayipi okuqinile kakhulu, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwehlile.

Uhlelo lokupholisa olungaqondile:

Uhlelo lwamanzi oluyi-ammonia/usawoti: I-ammonia iqala ngokupholisa amanzi anosawoti (njengesisombululo se-calcium chloride), bese amanzi anosawoti asezingeni eliphansi athunyelwa endaweni ngayinye yokupholisa ngepompo. Ibanga lokuphepha lide kakhulu, kodwa ukusebenza kahle kwamandla kuphansi kakhulu.

Uhlelo lwe-Ammonia/Carbon Dioxide Cascade: I-Current Mainstream kanye ne-Trend. I-Ammonia isebenza esigabeni sokushisa okuphezulu kulo mjikelezo, ifinyeza i-carbon dioxide; i-carbon dioxide isebenza esigabeni sokushisa okuphansi ukuze iphole. Uma ihlanganisa ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kwe-ammonia kanye nokuphepha kwe-carbon dioxide (engenabo ubuthi emazingeni okushisa aphansi kanye nokucindezela okuphakathi), iyisisombululo esithandwayo sezitshalo ezinkulu eziqandisayo neziqandisayo.

Uhlelo lokuhlinzeka ngoketshezi oludonsela phansi: Luhlinzeka ngoketshezi ku-evaporator ngokusebenzisa ingcindezi engaguquki yekholomu yoketshezi. Luzinzile futhi luthembekile, kodwa ludinga umjovo omkhulu we-ammonia, futhi luvame ukubonakala ezinhlelweni ezindala.

Uhlelo lokuphakelwa kwephampu yoketshezi: Iphampu isetshenziselwa ukudlulisa ngenkani uketshezi lwe-ammonia olunomfutho ophansi ku-evaporator. Isebenza kahle kakhulu ekushintshisaneni kokushisa kanye nokuphakelwa koketshezi okufanayo, futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi.

Ukugqamisa izinzuzo

Ukusebenza kahle kakhulu nokonga amandla: Inani lokushisa elicashile le-ammonia liphezulu, futhi lisebenzisa ugesi omncane ngeyunithi ngayinye yomthamo wokupholisa, okuholela ezindleleni zokusebenza eziphansi.

Ukuvikelwa kwemvelo: ODP = 0, GWP = 0 (Ukufudumala Komhlaba Wonke), iyisiqandisi esinobungani nemvelo.

Umnotho: Intengo ephansi, kulula ukuyithola.

Ukusebenza kahle kakhulu kokudlulisa ukushisa: Ukusebenza kahle kokushintshanisa ukushisa ngodonga lwepayipi lensimbi.

Ukutholwa kalula kokuvuza: Inephunga elinamandla elinobuhlungu, futhi ngisho nokuvuza okuncane kungatholakala.

Izinselele kanye nokucabangela ukuphepha (okubaluleke kakhulu!)

I-Amoniya inobuthi (Isigaba 2) futhi iyasha (Isigaba B2L), ngakho-ke ukuphepha kuyisimiso esiyinhloko ekwakhiweni, ekufakweni nasekusetshenzisweni.

Ubuthi: Ukuvuza kungabangela umonakalo omkhulu emehlweni abantu kanye nasesimisweni sokuphefumula. Ukugxila okuphezulu kungaba yingozi.

Ukuvutha: Uma izinga lokushisa emoyeni lifinyelela ku-15% kuya ku-28%, lingaqhuma uma lithinta ilangabi.

Izinyathelo zokuphepha:

Ukuhlukaniswa kwegumbi lekhompyutha: Imishini eyinhloko efana nama-compressor namathangi okugcina uketshezi kufanele ibekwe egumbini lekhompyutha elihlukile, elinomoya omuhle.

Ukutholwa kokuvuza kanye ne-alamu: Ama-detector okuhlushwa kwe-ammonia kumele afakwe futhi axhunywe nezinhlelo zokungenisa umoya eziphuthumayo kanye nezinhlelo zokufafaza.

Imishini yokuzivikela: Egumbini lekhompyutha, kumele kuhlinzekwe ngemishini yezimo eziphuthumayo njengezifihla-buso zegesi, izibuko zelanga kanye nezingubo zokuzivikela.

Ivalvu yokuphepha kanye nokunciphisa ingcindezi: Imikhumbi yokucindezela kumele ifakwe amavalvu okuphepha, futhi amapayipi okunciphisa ingcindezi kufanele aqondiswe endaweni ephephile yangaphandle.

Imithethonqubo eqinile: Umklamo nokwakhiwa kumele kuhambisane nezindinganiso eziphoqelekile ezifana ne-"Cold Storage Design Code" (GB50072) kanye ne-"Construction and Acceptance Specifications for Ammonia Refrigeration System Installation" ekhishwe yisifundazwe.

Ukusebenza kobungcweti: Abaqhubi kumele babe nezitifiketi ezifanele futhi baqeqeshwe njalo ngokuphepha.

Izinkambu zohlelo lokusebenza eziyinhloko

Imboni yokudla: Ukuqandisa nokugcina inyama, ukudla kwasolwandle, izithelo nemifino efrijini; ukucutshungulwa kwemikhiqizo yobisi; ukubilisa ubhiya.

Ubunjiniyela Bamakhemikhali kanye Nekhemisi: Ukupholisa inqubo, ukusabela kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi, ukuncibilika kwegesi.

Ukuphathwa kwempahla kanye nezindawo zokugcina impahla: Izikhungo ezinkulu zokuphathwa kwempahla ezibandayo, izindawo zokugcina izinto ezibandayo ezishisa kakhulu.

Izindawo zeqhwa neqhwa: indawo yokubhukuda eqhweni yokwenziwa, indawo yokushushuluza eqhweni.

Ezinye: Umoya opholile ophakathi nendawo (ukupholisa indawo), ucwaningo nentuthuko yezempi, njll.

Izitayela Zokuthuthukiswa

Ukunciphisa kanye nokunciphisa i-ammonia: Ngokwenza ngcono ukwakheka (njengokusebenzisa ama-plate heat exchangers) kanye nokusebenzisa ama-refrigerant njenge-carbon dioxide ohlelweni lwe-cascade, inani le-ammonia ohlelweni liyancishiswa, okwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwalo ezindaweni eziseduze nezentengiselwano njengezitolo ezinkulu kanye nezitolo ezithengisa izinto ezishibhile.

Ukuzenzakalela kanye Nobuhlakani: Ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kobuchwepheshe be-PLC kanye ne-IoT ukufeza ukuqapha okukude, ukuxilongwa kwamaphutha, ukuphathwa kokusetshenziswa kahle kwamandla, kanye nokugcinwa kokubikezela.

Ukuthuthukiswa kokuhlanganiswa kwesistimu: Ukukhuthaza ama-screw compressor asebenza kahle kanye nobuchwepheshe bokubuyisa ukushisa (ukubuyisa ukushisa komoya ukuze kukhiqizwe amanzi ashisayo), kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwamandla jikelele.

Izindinganiso zokuphepha ziyathuthuka njalo: Imithethonqubo nezindinganiso ziya ngokuya ziba nzima, ziqhubekela phambili ekwakhiweni okuphephile nokuthembekile kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zobuchwepheshe.

Isifinyezo

Uhlelo lokuqandisa i-ammonia luwumgogodla wokuqandisa izimboni, oluhlinzeka ngokusekelwa kochungechunge olubanzi lwezimboni ezibandayo kanye nezimboni eziyisisekelo ngokusebenzisa kahle amandla ngendlela evelele kanye nezici ezinobungani nemvelo. Kodwa-ke, "ukusebenza kahle kanye nezingozi zikhona" kuyisici salo esiphawuleka kakhulu. Ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe besimanje bokuqandisa i-ammonia buya ngasesiqondisweni "sokuphepha okukhulu, ubungani obukhulu nemvelo, kanye nobuhlakani obukhulu", futhi ikakhulukazi uhlelo lwe-ammonia/CO2 cascade seluba yindinganiso yegolide eyaziwayo embonini.