Ubuchwepheshe Bokucubungula Okufushane

Kuyini ukufinyeza?

Okokuqala, incazelo esheshayo: Ukufinyeza amafutha aqinile enziwe ngamafutha emifino, amafutha ezilwane, noma inhlanganisela. Umsebenzi wawo oyinhloko "ukufinyeza" noma ukuphula imicu ye-gluten ezintweni ezibhakiwe, okudala ukuthungwa okuthambile nokuqhekeka (isb., kuma-crusts ephayi, amabhisikidi, nama-cookies).

Inselele enkulu yezobuchwepheshe ukuguqula amafutha acwebezelayo abe amafutha epulasitiki aqinile, aqinile kancane. Lokhu kufezwa ngezinqubo ezimbili eziyinhloko:Ukufakwa kwe-hydrogenationfuthiUkwenziwa kwesithakazelo, ulandelwa nguUkulinganisela.

Izinyathelo Zokucubungula Okuyinhloko

Uhambo oluvela ku-oyela oluhlaza kuya ekufinyezweni okuqediwe luhilela izigaba eziningana ezibalulekile:

1. Ukukhetha Nokuhlanganisa Amafutha

• Inhloso:Ukwakha ingxube yamafutha ayisisekelo nephrofayili ye-fatty acid oyifunayo yokusebenza komkhiqizo wokugcina (indawo yokuncibilika, okuqukethwe kwamafutha aqinile, njll.).
• Inqubo:Amafutha ahlukene acwengisisiwe, afakwe i-bleach, futhi asuswe iphunga (RBD) ayalinganiswa futhi axutshwe. Amafutha avamile afaka phakathi i-soybean, i-palm, i-cottonseed, i-canola, kanye namafutha e-palm kernel.

2. I-Hydrogenation (Indlela Yendabuko)

• Inhloso:Ukwandisa iphuzu lokuncibilika kanye nokuqina kwamafutha oketshezi ngokwenza ukuthi agcwale kakhulu.
• Inqubo:Uwoyela oxutshwe ushiswa ku-reactor ecindezelwe lapho kukhona i-nickel catalyst kanye negesi ye-hydrogen.Qaphela:Le nqubo idalaamafutha e-trans, manje esezilawulwa kakhulu futhi ezingathandwa ngenxa yezinkinga zempilo. Lokhu kuholele ekukhuleni kobuchwepheshe obuhlukile.
  • Ama-athomu e-hydrogen anezelwa ezibophweni ezimbili ezingagcwalisiwe ezintanjeni ze-fatty acid.
  • Lokhu kuguqula amafutha aketshezi (angenasawoti) abe amafutha aqinile noma aqinile (amafutha agcwele kanye nama-trans).

3. Ukwakha isithakazelo (Indlela Yesimanje)

• Inhloso:Ukulungisa kabusha ama-fatty acid kumgogodla we-glycerol wama-molecule e-triglyceride ngaphandle kokudala amafutha e-trans. Lokhu kuvumela abakhiqizi ukuthi bakhe amafutha anezakhiwo ezifanele zokuncibilika kanye ne-crystallization ngenhlanganisela yamafutha.
• Inqubo:Umphumela:Isisekelo sokufinyeza esingenamafutha angenawo ama-trans esinezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zokusebenza.
  • I-IE yamakhemikhali:Isebenzisa i-catalyst ye-sodium methoxide ukuphula nokuhlanganisa kabusha ama-fatty acid ngokungahleliwe.
  • I-Enzymatic IE:Isebenzisa ama-enzyme athile (isib. ama-lipase) njengesikhuthazi. Lokhu kunembile kakhulu futhi kuvumela ukuhlelwa kabusha okuqondiwe kodwa kubiza kakhulu.

4. Ukuxuba kanye nokuhlanganisa

• Amafutha ayisisekelo aqinisiwe axutshwa namafutha oketshezi ukuze kufezwe i-Solid Fat Index (SFI) edingekayo ngqo – isilinganiso sobulukhuni kuwo wonke amazinga okushisa ahlukene.
• Ama-emulsifier (isb., ama-monoglycerides, i-lecithin) ayengezwa ukuthuthukisa ukuthungwa, ivolumu, kanye nokuphila kweshelufu kumkhiqizo wokugcina obhakiwe.

5. Ukupholisa Nokuqinisa (Ukupholisa Nokwenza Amakristalu)

Lesi yisinyathelo esibaluleke kakhulu ekudaleni isakhiwo sokugcina kanye "nokusabalala" kokunciphisa.

• Inqubo:Ingxube yamafutha ancibilikisiwe ipompiwa nge-Umvotinoma i-scraped-surface heat exchanger (SSHE).
  • Iyunithi (I-Chiller):Amafutha aphola ngokushesha ngaphansi kokucindezeleka okuphezulu kanye nokushukunyiswa. Lokhu kukhuthaza ukwakheka kwamakristalu amaningi amancane e-beta-prime (β'), afanelekela ukufinyezwa okubushelelezi, okunesimo esihle, kanye nepulasitiki.
  • Iyunithi B (Isivikelo):Amafutha abandayo abe esesebenza ku-pin-worker noma ku-quiescent tube. Lokhu kuxova amafutha aqinisayo ukuqinisekisa ukwakheka kahle kwekristalu futhi kuvimbele amakristalu amakhulu, anombala we-beta (β).

6. Ukushisa Nokupakisha

• I-shortening esafudumele, ecwebezelayo ipakishwe (emabhafini, ama-cubes, noma ezitsheni ezinkulu).
• Ukunciphisa okupakishiwe kufakwa ezindaweni zokugcina izinto ezilawulwa amazinga okushisa (amakamelo okushisa) amahora angama-24-72.
• Inhloso Yokulinganisela:Lokhu kuvumela isakhiwo sekristalu ukuthi sizinze ngokuphelele sibe yifomu elifunwayo le-β', okuqinisekisa ukuthungwa okuhlala njalo, okubushelelezi kanye nokuqina kweshelufu.

7. Isitoreji Nokuthunyelwa

• Ukufinyeza okufudumele kugcinwa futhi kuthunyelwe ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa alawulwayo ukuze kulondolozwe ikhwalithi kanye nokuqina kwayo.

Imiqondo Ebalulekile Yezobuchwepheshe

• Ukwakheka kwepulasitiki:Isici esivumela ukufinyeza ukuthi kusatshalaliswe futhi kuxutshwe kalula. Kuncike ekubeni nengxube yamakristalu aqinile namafutha acwebezelayo ngaphakathi kwebanga elithile lokushisa ("ububanzi bepulasitiki").
• Isakhiwo sekristalu:Uhlobo lwekristalu yamafutha lubalulekile.Inkomba Yamafutha Aqinile (i-SFI):Ijika elilinganisa iphesenti lamafutha aqinile ku-shortening kuwo wonke amazinga okushisa ahlukahlukene. Liyithuluzi eliyinhloko lokubikezela ukusebenza kwe-shortening kuhlelo oluthile (isb., i-shortening ye-pie crust kanye ne-icing shortening zinama-SFI curves ahlukene kakhulu).
  • Amakristalu e-Beta-Prime (β'):Amakristalu amancane, afana nenaliti akha inethiwekhi enhle ekwazi ukugcina uwoyela omningi owuketshezi. Lokhu kudala ukufinyeza okubushelelezi, okunokhilimu, kanye nepulasitiki ephezulu.Lena ifomu elifunwayo.
  • Amakristalu e-Beta (β):Amakristalu amakhulu, aqinile, anombala oluhlaza abangela amafutha aqhekekile, aqhekekayo, futhi angewona apulasitiki (isb., ukuba nombala oluhlaza ebhodweni elidala).

Isifinyezo Sokugeleza Kokukhiqiza Okufushane Kwanamuhla

Ukuvela Kobuchwepheshe

Lo mkhuba usuka kakhulu ku-i-hydrogenation(ngenxa yokuvinjelwa kwamafutha e-trans) kanye nokuya ku:

1. Ukwenziwa kwesithakazelo(amakhemikhali kanye nama-enzyme).
2. Ukusebenzisa amafutha aqinile ngokwemvelo afanaAmafutha esundukanye nezingxenyana zayo (isb., i-palm olein, i-palm stearin), evame ukuhlanganiswa namanye amafutha aqinile anjengowoyela we-sunflower noma i-canola one-oleic ephezulu.
3. I-Hydrogenation Egcwele:Ukufaka i-hydrogenation ngokugcwele uwoyela (okwakha i-stearine egcwele, engenamafutha angenawo) bese uyixuba namafutha angoketshezi. Lokhu kuhlukile ku-hydrogenation engaphelele, eyadala amafutha angenawo.

Umgomo wobuchwepheshe besimanje bokufushanisa ukufeza izakhiwo ezisebenzayo eziphelele zokubhaka nokuthosangaphandleukusetshenziswa kwamafutha e-trans okwenziwa.